✧ Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA): Core principles ensuring data protection.
✧ Non-repudiation: Guarantee that actions or transactions cannot be denied.
✧ Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA): Verifying identity, granting access, and tracking usage.
✧ Gap Analysis: Identifying security weaknesses and areas for improvement.
✧ Zero Trust: A security model requiring strict verification for all users.
✧ Physical Security: Protecting hardware and facilities from threats.
✧ Deception and Disruption Technology: Tools to mislead attackers and interrupt attacks.
✧ Security Control Categories: Preventive, detective, and corrective measures.
✧ Security Control Types: Administrative, technical, and physical controls.

✧ Threat Actors: Individuals or groups causing cyber threats.
✧ Attributes of Actors: Skills, resources, and goals of attackers.
✧ Motivations: Reasons like financial gain, politics, or revenge.
✧ Message-based: Malicious emails, phishing, or spam attacks.
✧ Image-based: Exploiting vulnerabilities via harmful images.
✧ File-based: Malware or viruses in files.
✧ Voice Call: Scams or data theft through phone calls.
✧ Removable Device: Threats via USBs or external drives.
✧ Vulnerable Software: Exploiting unpatched or outdated systems.
✧ Unsupported Systems: Risks in systems lacking updates.
✧ Unsecure Networks: Weak networks vulnerable to intrusion.
✧ Open Service Ports: Exploited to gain unauthorized access.
✧ Default Credentials: Unchanged default passwords.
✧ Supply Chain: Attacks through third-party vulnerabilities.
✧ Human Vectors: Social engineering to bypass security.

✧ Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): Encryption and secure key management
✧ Tools: Essential cryptographic tools for data security
✧ Obfuscation: Techniques to protect sensitive information
✧ Hashing: Ensuring data integrity with hash functions
✧ Salting: Enhancing password security
✧ Digital Signatures: Authenticity and integrity verification
✧ Key Stretching: Strengthening weak keys
✧ Blockchain: Securing transactions with cryptographic principles
✧ Open Public Ledger & Certificates: Trust and transparency in digital ecosystems

✧ Introduction to cryptography and its role in securing data
✧ Basic cryptographic concepts: Encryption, decryption, keys, and algorithms
✧ Types of cryptography: Symmetric vs. asymmetric encryption
✧ Common cryptographic algorithms: AES, RSA, DES, and ECC
✧ Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and digital certificates
✧ Hashing: Functions like MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-256
✧ Digital signatures and their role in data integrity and authentication
✧ Cryptographic protocols: TLS/SSL for secure communication
✧ Key management: Generation, storage, and distribution
✧ Legal and ethical considerations in cryptography and data protection

✧ What is IAM: Overview and importance
✧ Key components: Identification, Authentication, and Authorization
✧ Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) and Least Privilege Principle
✧ Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) and advanced authentication techniques
✧ Single Sign-On (SSO) and Identity Federation
✧ Cloud-based IAM and challenges
✧ IAM policies and regulatory compliance
✧ Managing access lifecycle: Onboarding, transitions, and offboarding
✧ Common IAM challenges and mitigation strategies

✧ Overview: Managing identities and controlling access to resources
✧ Key Components: Identification, authentication, and authorization
✧ RBAC & Least Privilege: Role-based access control and minimizing user privileges
✧ MFA: Using multiple factors for stronger authentication
✧ SSO & Federation: Single Sign-On and integrating identities across systems
✧ Cloud IAM: Managing access in cloud environments
✧ IAM Policies: Defining rules for access control and compliance
✧ Access Lifecycle: Managing onboarding, transitions, and offboarding
✧ Common Challenges: Overcoming IAM complexity and maintaining security

✧ Introduction to Cloud and Virtualization Security
✧ Cloud service models: IaaS, PaaS, SaaS
✧ Shared responsibility model in cloud security
✧ Virtualization security challenges and solutions
✧ Hypervisor security: Types and risks
✧ Securing virtual machines and containers
✧ Cloud data security: Encryption and access control
✧ Network security in cloud environments
✧ Compliance and regulatory considerations for cloud security
✧ Cloud incident response and recovery planning

✧ Understanding resiliency in cybersecurity
✧ Importance of physical security in overall defense
✧ Business Continuity Planning (BCP) and Disaster Recovery (DR)
✧ Redundancy and failover mechanisms
✧ Physical access control systems: Locks, badges, and biometrics
✧ Environmental security: Protecting against fire, flood, and power failures
✧ Securing data centers and server rooms
✧ Resiliency against physical attacks and theft
✧ Incident response planning for physical security breaches
✧ Best practices for integrating physical and cyber security strategies

✧ Introduction to vulnerability management and its importance
✧ Vulnerability assessment vs. penetration testing
✧ Common vulnerability scanning tools and techniques
✧ Identifying, analyzing, and prioritizing vulnerabilities
✧ Patch management and remediation strategies
✧ Zero-day vulnerabilities: Detection and mitigation
✧ Continuous monitoring and vulnerability lifecycle management
✧ Regulatory compliance and vulnerability reporting
✧ Challenges in vulnerability management and overcoming them
✧ Best practices for building an effective vulnerability management program

✧ Fundamentals of network and application security
✧ Securing network architecture: Firewalls, IDS/IPS, and DMZ
✧ Network segmentation and micro-segmentation techniques
✧ Secure protocols and encryption for data in transit
✧ Application security lifecycle: From development to deployment
✧ OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities and mitigation strategies
✧ Secure coding practices and code review
✧ Web application firewalls (WAF) and API security
✧ Network security monitoring and incident response
✧ Best practices for securing networks and applications in hybrid environments